Table 1: Effect of mixing techniques (averages of two treatment frequencies – 1 and 3 hours) on Pinotage wine composition and quality (2000 – 2002 seasons).



Mixing techniques and season

Acetate esters (mg/L)

Total polyphenols [mg/L(+) catechin]

Wine quality(%)

i-Butyl acetate

i-Amyl acetate

Hexyl acetate

Total flavonoids

Total tannins

Total antho-cyanins

Berry/

Plum intensity

Overall wine quality

2000 season

Punching-down

0.694b

10.59b

0.424a

1658.2b

1155.2a

569.8a

63.8a

60.8a

Pumping-over

0.724b

11.40b

0.283b

1515.8c

1024.6b

491.2b

54.2b

48.6b

Rotor

0.938a

15.36a

0.373a

1865.0a

1258.6a

606.6a

62.8a

60.4a










2001 season

Punching-down

0.436b

7.14b

0.168a

2144.8ab

1541.7a

603.1a

64.8a

66.2a

Pumping-over

0.419b

7.10b

0.130b

1924.4b

1335.8b

588.6a

60.0a

56.0b

Rotor

0.642a

11.55a

0.167a

2305.9a

1668.8a

637.0a

62.1a

57.7b










2002 season

Punching-down

0.566b

8.66b

0.152b

2026.1ab

1251.0b

775.1a

55.9ab

56.9ab

Pumping-over

0.503c

7.83b

0.122c

1839.6b

1192.9b

646.7b

52.0b

52.0b

Rotor

0.817a

13.55a

0.199a

2170.2a

1443.6a

726.6a

62.3a

61.2a










Treatments with the same letter do not differ significantly (p < 0.05) (each season, aroma component, phenolic

group and wine quality characteristic are considered separately).